Saturday, July 10, 2010

The History of the Chair

From each of the furniture needs, the chair may be of the most importance. While many other forms (apart from the bed) are devised to support objects, the chair supports the human form. The term chair should be viewed here in the most open sense, from stool to throne to derivative items like the bench or sofa, which might be viewed as extended or connected chairs, and whose character (i.e., whether they are intended for sitting or reclining) is not obviously definitive.
The social history of the chair is as stimulating as its history as a creative craft. The chair is not just a physical support or an aesthetic creation; it can also be symbolic of social standing. In the old royal courts there were clear differences between being seated on a chair with arms, sitting on a chair with a back but without arms, and having to cope with a stool. Since the recent century, the director's and/or manager's chair has been regarded as an indicator of superior dignity, like in democratic governments the speaker sits on a high-set platform.
As its furniture creation, the chair can be utilised for a variety of variations. There are chairs created to fit man's age and physical form (the high chair, the wheelchair) and to show his position in society (the executive chair, the throne). Since historical days there were chairs used for birth (birth chairs); from the 20th century, there have been chairs to die in (the electric chair). There are chairs with one, two, three, and/or four legs, chairs with or without arms, and chairs with or without backs. We can make chairs that can be folded, chairs on wheels, and chairs on runners.
Modern day living has designated new chairs for automobiles and aircraft. All of these chair forms has perfected to match to differing human desires. From its unique association with man, the chair exists to its full importance only when in use. Although it does not make a difference to one's appreciation of a cupboard or a set of drawers if there might be items inside or not, a chair is best seen and clearly evaluated with a person sitting on it, for chair and sitter need one another. Thus the various areas of the chair have been given names according to the elements of the human parts: arms, legs, feet, back, and seat.
Because the obvious role of a chair is to support our human body, its credit is judged firstly from how suitably it fulfills this practical role. In the structure of the chair, the builder is restricted for particular static legislation and principal measurements. In these restrictions, however, the chair creator has marvellous freedom.
The history of the chair lasts over dates of several thousand years. There are civilizations that created unique chair shapes, expressions of the leading object in the arenas of technique and aesthetics. Within such societies, a mention can be made of ancient Egypt and Greece; China; Spain and The Netherlands in the 17th century; England in the 18th century; and France in the 18th century during the lifetimes of Louis XV and Louis XVI.
EgyptTwo ancient Egyptian chair forms, both the result of skilled make, were found from tombs. The first of them is a four-legged chair with a back, the other a folding stool. The classical Egyptian chair has four legs structured like those of some animal, a curved seat, and leading to a sloping back supported by vertical stretchers. In this way a strong triangular structure was crafted. There was in our understanding no noteworthy variation between the construction of Egyptian thrones and chairs for regular populace. The main change was in the intricacy of its ornamentation, in the evidence of pricier inlays. The Egyptian folding stool most probably was designed for an easily packed seat for army. As a camp stool that kind stayed until much later points in time. But the stool then was designed for the character of a ceremonial seat, its mechanical history as a folding stool being forgotten. This can from today's evidence be observed, from as early as 1366–57 BC in two stools, created in ebony with ivory inlay decoration and gold mounts, from the tomb of Tutankhamen. They are constructed in the construction of folding stools but cannot be folded because the seats were created of wood. The simple make of the folding stool, consisting of two frames that rotate on metal bolts and support a seat of leather or fabric fastened between them, is seen at some time later during the Bronze Age folding chairs of Scandinavia and northern Germany. The most well known of this type is the folding stool, of ashwood, which can now be found at Guldhøj (National Museum in Copenhagen).

Greece and RomeThe iconic Greek chair, the klismos, is recognised not in any ancient object still extant but in a trove of pictorial objects. The iconic kind is the klismos posited on the Hegeso Stele at the Dipylon burial location just out of Athens (c. 410 BC). It is a chair with a backward-sloping, curved backboard and four curving legs, only two of these legs were visible. These creative legs were considered to have been executed out of bent wood and were probably bore a large amount of pressure from the weight of the sitter. The joints fastening the legs to the frame of the seat had to be therefore extremely solid and were overtly signified.
The Romans embued the Greek design; evidence of statues of seated Romans show chairs of a more heavyset and in appearance slightly less intricately crafted klismos. Both kinds, the light and the heavy, were popularised in the Classicist time. The klismos design is seen in French Empire design, in English Regency, and in some special forms of marked individuality within Denmark and Sweden around 1800.

ChinaThe history of the chair in China is not able to be charted as far back as in Egypt and Greece. From the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) an unscathed series of images and artworks had been preserved, displaying the interiors and exteriors of Chinese households and the designs of furniture. Kept also since the 16th century are a number of chairs made from wood or lacquered wood, that possess an astonishing likeness to designs of older chairs.
As was the case in Egypt, two chair designs persisted in China: a chair having four legs and a folding stool. That chair is designed both with or without arms but always having the square seat and straight stiles (vertical side supports) to support the back. In one type, however, the stiles were delicately curved over the arms so as to suit the angle of the S-shaped back splat (the main upright of the chairback). Together, the three limbs were mortised in the yoke-like top rail. While the design of a back splat later had an introduction for English chairs in the Queen Anne period, wooden pieces that only just to a restricted capability embolden corner joints (and then are loose additionally) represent a design exclusive to Chinese chairs. The four legs sit through the seat frame, which closes around the rounded staves. Every member is round in section or have rounded edges—acknowledging perchance to the bamboo tradition. The seat is unpleasant to sit in and might have had a plaited bottom. These chairs required the sitter to remain stiff and upright; if too much weight is exerted on the back, the chair has a way of collapsing. In patriarchal Chinese households of this epoch armchairs presumably were reserved only for elderly people, for they were esteemed greatly.
The Chinese folding stool is understood to have come to China from the West. It does not differ that much from the Egyptian or Scandinavian folding stools, but it has a change in that the top rail is elegantly held to the two legs of the stool by use of a curved member, which is often possessing metal mounts. From a Western point of view the overall effect of these furniture styles is stylized. The construction and decoration parts are combined in a way that is all at once naïve and refined. The piecemeal appearance is an outcome of the way that the individual members do not appear to have been constructed by either glue or screws, but have been mortised onto one another and locked into place in the style of a Chinese puzzle.
Spain: 17th centuryThe Golden Age of Spain during the 17th century also left its mark on the chair. Works of art project a kind of chair with a relatively unrefined wooden frame; a back and seat, nailed on, with two layers of leather, with horsehair stuffing in the layers, stitched to produce a pattern of little pads. The front board and a corresponding board from the back could be folded after unscrewing some small iron hooks. Thus the chair was a portable piece of furniture while traveling which, in the same time, possessed the status of a four-legged, high-backed armchair.


The Netherlands: 17th centuryA low, square, upholstered kind of chair is seen in engravings of interiors of rich Dutch homes by Abraham Bosse, a French artist, and also in paintings by the Dutch artists Johannes Vermeer and Gerard Terborch. Although this type of chair is also seen in countries in which Dutch styles of interior decoration and Dutch furniture won critical acclaim, it is not decided that the form actually began in The Netherlands. Typically, the legs of the chair will be smooth, round in section, and of slender dimensions; they are in some cases baluster-shaped (vase-shaped) or twisted. It is unquestionably a bourgeois piece of furniture and was manufactured in considerable quantities, as evidenced from one of Abraham Bosse's engravings, in which a whole row of these chairs lined up by a wall. The design asserts itself by its elegant proportions and fine upholstery in gilt leather or fabric edged with fringes.

France and England: 17th and 18th centuriesThe French Rococo chair in its most mature of styles—that is, as brought out in Paris around 1750—disseminated over most of Europe and was imitated or copied into the mid-20th century. The style owes its popularity to a combination of comfort and delicacy. The seat adheres to the human body and permits a relaxed seated position. The back is bow-shaped, the legs curved. Typically the seat and back are upholstered, and there are little upholstered pads covering the armrests. Smooth transitions are made between seat frame, legs, and back conceal all the joints, which are solidly constructed on craftsmanlike practices even with the absence of stretchers between the legs.
French Rococo chairs and imitations thereof are made from wood of quite thick density; but each member is deeply molded, all extra wood has been sanded away, and finer items would be further embellished with highly delicate and decorative engravings. The wood could be varnished, stained, painted, or gilded. Silk damask or tapestry should be used for all upholstery on the seat, back, and armrests; cane is in some cases used rather than upholstery.
English chairs from the 18th century were more variable in design than the French. The French taste for stylistic uniformity, which came from the premier circles in Paris and Versailles over most of France and became the favourite in several parts of the Continent, had no parallel in England. Prior to 1740, the most commonly used wood was walnut; thereafter, and for the rest of the century, it was mahogany. Walnut, though beautiful in hue, was soft and therefore less suited to wood carving than to rounded, curving forms. Outer surfaces, such as the back and seat frame, were usually veneered. During the walnut period, highly overstuffed armchairs, covered with leather or embroidered material, were also developed. The best upholstery of this period is precisely and firmly modelled and accentuated by braiding or tacks. When imports of mahogany became common, no specifically new chair designs appeared, but the character of the woodwork changed. Mahogany, having a firmer, closer grain, could be cut thinner, which meant that individual parts of the chair could be more slender in shape. Mahogany also lent itself better to carving than walnut. Carving was concentrated more on the arms and back than on the legs, which as a rule were straight and smooth with chamfered (bevelled) edges and molding. There was a wealth of variety in chairback designs, featuring elegant, pierced, vase-shaped splats or two upright posts connected by horizontal slats (ladderback).
Alongside the French Rococo chair and the best English chairs in walnut and mahogany, the stick-back chair was relatively unaffected by the stylistic changes of the day. Originally a medieval form, known, for example, from paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder and still found in mid-20th century in the churches and inns of southern Europe, the stick-back chair (in all of its variations) consists basically of a solid, saddle-shaped seat into which the legs, back staves, and possibly the armrests are directly mortised. This typically peasant form underwent a renewal and a process of refinement in England and America during the 18th century. Under the name Windsor chair (a term that seems to have been used for the first time in 1731) or Philadelphia chair, it became popularised and was widely distributed throughout the world.
Late 18th to 20th centuryIn the Neoclassical period, no basic changes took place in chair forms, but legs became straight and dimensions lighter. Backs in the shape of classical vases replaced the fanciful outlines of the Rococo period. Around 1800, freely executed imitations of Greek and Roman chairs of the klismos type, with curved legs and backrest, appeared. French chairs of the Empire period, executed in dark mahogany and embellished with ornate bronze mounts, created a ponderous effect.
In cheaper products of inferior workmanship, bourgeois chairs of the 19th century carried on the traditions of the 17th and 18th centuries. The only real innovations were the bentwood (wood that has been bent and shaped) chairs in beech that became popular all over the world and were still made in the 20th century. Around 1900 the continental Art Nouveau and Jugendstil styles (French and German styles characterized by organic foliate forms, sinuous lines, and non-geometric forms), and the Arts and Crafts movement in England (established by the English poet and decorator William Morris to reintroduce idealized standards of medieval craftsmanship), gave rise to original chair designs by Eugène Gaillard in France, Henry van de Velde in Belgium, Josef Hoffman in Austria, Antonio Gaudí in Spain, and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Scotland. These new furniture styles did not exercise wide, let alone decisive, influence. The Art Nouveau chairs designed by the French architect Hector Guimard, for example, are collector's pieces, but his name is known to a broader public only because of his fanciful entrances to the Paris Métro.
ModernAfter World War I, the Bauhaus school in Germany became a creative centre for revolutionary thinking, resulting, for example, in tubular steel chairs designed by the architects Marcel Breuer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and others. During World War II, the aircraft industry accelerated the development of laminated wood and molded plastic furniture. The dominant chair forms of this period go back to designs by Alvar Aalto, Bruno Mathsson, and Charles and Ray Eames. Rapid technical developments, in conjunction with an ever-increasing interest in human-factors engineering, or ergonomics, purport that completely new chair forms will probably be evolved in the future.For a great deal on executive furniture in Melbourne contact Fast Office Furniture
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Vanuatu Nation

Vanuatu is an interesting nation living on the island in the South Pacific. It is also one of the smallest countries in the world. But for those interested in adventure and sport, there is a lot to do. Some of the best snorkelling and sea kayaking can be found here. Vanuatu's islands also offer visitors two of the most exciting -- and dangerous -- activities in the world: volcano surfing and land diving.

On Tanna Island, Mount Yasur rises 300 meters (1,000 feet) into the sky. Yasur is an active volcano, and it erupts almost every day, sometimes several times a day. For centuries, both island locals and visitors have climbed this mountain to visit the top. Recently, people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano. In some ways, volcano surfing is like surfing in the sea, but in other ways it's very different. A volcano surfer's goal is to escape the erupting volcano -- without getting hit by flying rocks! It's fast, fun, and dangerous -- the perfect extreme sport.

Most people are familiar with bungee jumping, but did you know bungee jumping started on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu and is almost fifteen centuries old? The original activity, called land diving, is part of a religious ceremony. A man ties tree vines to his legs. He then jumps head first from a high tower. The goal: to touch the earth with the top of his head -- without breaking the vine and hitting the ground hard. Every spring, island natives (men only) still perform this amazing test of strength.

A Fantastic Sensory Table Activity

The preschool sand and water table is truly an innovative sensory learning center that can be filled with many different materials for children to explore. Broadly, a sand and water table creates hands on play, whereby preschool children play with objects at the table while naturally increasing sensory development, motor skill development and coordination.

Colored Pasta Activity

In reality, many items can be put into the sand and water table to keep it an interesting, dynamic place for children to play. Try filling the sand and water table with bags of dry, multi-colored, multi-shaped pasta for a fun variation on the sand and water table theme.

Sorting by Color

Sorting is a perfect activity for preschool children. A table full of pretty colored pasta will draw them in, begging to be sorted into matching colors. Provide small cups for them to put pasta of the same color in, and then ask them to count how many they found of each color.


Sorting by Shape

The pasta sorting can be taken to the next level if you provide pasta of different shapes. Once the children sort the pasta by colors into the cups provided, they can further sort the pasta by different shapes. Then, ask them to count how many round, red pasta shapes, then how many blue round shapes. Providing a wide variety of colors and shapes allows for hours or even days of fun with sorting activities.

Using the Senses

Invite the children to close their eyes while they dig their hands into the pasta. Have them pick up individual pieces and feel the edges with their fingers. Ask them to notice if the pasta is pointy or soft, smooth or rough. Ask them if they can tell what shape the pasta is with their eyes closed, or if they can guess the color of the pasta they're holding. They can also play with the sounds pasta makes when it is poured from a cup held above the table. Ask them if the sound is similar to other sounds they know.


Pasta Pros and Cons

One advantage of using multi-colored and multi-shaped pasta for sand and water table exploration is that it is dry and easy to clean up. If it gets wet, it is less likely than rice to grow harmful bacteria. However, its small shape does make it a possible choking hazard, so it may not be suitable for younger preschool children who are still putting everything in their mouths. The upside is that it is edible, should a student decide to experiment with their sense of taste.

Changing up the contents of the sand and water table helps keep this important preschool fixture fresh and inviting. Sand and water activities can be used for free play, as well as for asking questions about the materials and encouraging the children to use all of their senses while playing.

Need a sensory table for your preschool classroom? Looking for other teaching resources? MPMSchoolSupplies.com is the perfect one-stop-shop for all your classroom needs! They offer everything from kids chalk and chalk holders, to construction paper, classroom furniture, and much more! Save 10% on your first order!

Pressure Washing

Pressure washing is type of cleaning offered among other janitorial services that uses a powerful hose in order to wash down walls and other surfaces. This can have a range of advantages for homeowners and businesses and can improve the look of a building a variety of ways.
Any kind of washing should be used regularly on the outside walls of a building in order to improve the look of the painting and help the building to look as bright and as new as possible. If you notice that a building looks dull or old over time then often the reason for this is that it has collected a thin layer of dust or dirt over time and that this has resulted in the walls looking a darker or more faded colour. By washing down the walls with pressure washing or other janitorial services then it is possible to reveal the bright and new looking paint-job underneath. This then provides one of the best ways to make a building look as new as possible then without getting new painting done (though this should be done fairly frequently too).

While any kind of washing will brighten up your walls however there are some specific advantages of pressure washing that make it the best option for making your walls look as clean and new as possible. The power of pressure washing means first of all that it is strong enough to remove things that are encrusted on or stuck on such as bird manure which otherwise makes a building look a lot worse and less well-looked after. Of course it would be possible to scrape these patches off manually but this would take a lot longer and involve a lot more effort than pressure washing (and so would cost more too). At the same time the fact that people were 'scraping' at the walls would mean that the painting was more likely to chip and flake off. On the other hand pressure washing removes the mess in a way that's forceful while still being gentle on the painting underneath.

The other advantage of pressure washing is that it has such a long reach. The power of a pressure washer means that the jet of water gets blasted over long distances. This then means that it's possible to reach and clean the tops of walls without the need for someone to climb up or use scaffolding or other means. This is again less hassle and upheaval for the owners of the building and also makes it one of the cheaper janitorial services. The benefit of water also means that pressure washing can reach into any shape or size gap and can this way be used to address all kinds of areas on the walls without the use of special tools.
Pressure washing is not only useful for cleaning the sides of buildings however and can also be used to clean tiles, ground and any other large surface area. Tiles in particular benefit from pressure washing as they can look discolored too, but also provide a space for leaves and dirt to collect between them.. If the tiles are on the drive or the outside of the building then this is what will be seen as people drive or walk past and the first thing they'll see when they enter the building affecting both the first impressions of the building (and those inside) as well as the marketing/PR.

Online Degree Program

Earning a degree through an online degree program has become a trend for many students. Online education provides you with flexible and convenient leaning environment where you can attend classes from your computer at home wearing your pajamas. The online degree program can provides the same learning quality and degrees that are mostly acceptable in the job market.

The bad news is there are many online students fail to complete their online degree program. Online degrees are not for every student, unless you can adapt to the online environment and create regular study habits, you may be dropped off half way through your online study and waste your time and money. If online education is your option, here are the 4 tips for you to success in your online degree program.

Tip #1: Degree Program That In Line With Your Career Goal

Most of students choose to earn a degree are for their career planning to a brighter future. Hence, you need to choose an online degree program that can help in your career path. For example, if you want to become a marketing manager, you should choose online marketing degree or online business degree with marketing as specialization instead of online music degree. There are many online degree programs with the same degree title but there are difference courses offered in the program from one school to another. Hence, you should request the program details from the online schools and carefully review their courses to ensure the courses are in line with the requirement to achieve your career goal.

Tip #2: Choose a Properly Accredited Online Degree Program

The online degree program offered by your selected online school should be property accredited by an accreditation agency that is recognized by US Department of Education. Always double to check the accreditation mentioned by the school with CHEA.org to ensure that the online degree program of your choice is accredited by a recognized accreditation agency.

Tip #3: Make sure Your Love Online Study

If you plan to take you degree online, you must be good in learning in text format because most of learning materials are in text format. You should also like to search for information from internet, attend online chat sessions, able communicate through discussion forums and love to stay online; these are the key factors of a success online student. People who like to learn by listen to lecture in a class room should follow traditional way of education.

Tip #4: You Must Be Able To Self Motivated

Although you still have peers in an online class, physically you are alone accessing online material from home or any locations away from your other online peers. Hence, you must be able to motivate yourself to move along your online study progress. An online degree program gives you the flexibility of plan your own schedule for self pace study; the flexibility may cause you to stay out of focus if you do not have self-motivated and discipline to fix and fit your study into your schedule.

Summary

Earning a degree online is a good option because it gives you the flexibility and convenient learning environment. If you choose this online education option, you must adapt to the online environment and create regular study habits to ensure you will success in your online degree program.

Safe Driving Education Program

Do you think that someone who has passed a driver's test is really knowledgeable enough and safe enough to go on the road? Ideally, they have also gotten a proper driver's education. When someone goes through a driver's education program, they learn the skills and facts needed to become a responsible driver. They will be less likely to be involved in an accident as well.

This is a great way for parents to help their kids be safe drivers. When teens can get a driver's license as early as 14 years old, it's critical to help them understand the right attitude to have behind the wheel. They are not yet mature enough to realize this on their own.

Because of this, they are more likely to be involved in very serious crashes. Teens really need the insight and direction that is provided by a driver's education program. They will be so much more likely to accurately grasp the responsibility that driving really is.

When teens learn this early in their driving career, they develop good driving habits that will last. For older persons, driver's education is also valuable. Most drivers could benefit from a brush up on their driving skills and their knowledge of traffic laws.

What do you get out of a driver's education program? Well, the first thing is you get more safety from learning how to safely operate your car, and what the new rules of the road are.

You also learn many other skills: safe driving methods, proper distance between vehicles, the implications of drinking and driving, repercussions of using a cell phone, and so on. All of these lessons are important for safe driving in the real world.

Don't think that you have to go sit in a classroom to get a valid driver's education. You can get one in a number of different ways. Of course you can attend a driver's education course in most any city.

But, you can also go online and take a driver's education course via the Internet, or sign up for a correspondence course on driver's education. You can more easily study at your own pace if you do it this way.

Home Tutoring

There are many ways for learners to acquire the additional help with their studies. Schools may offer extra classes and tutoring. Parents may do their utmost to monitor their children’s progress and provide homework help. Websites, online learning communities and online tutoring are all options to help students get on top of their studies. Home tutoring may seem like the ‘old-fashioned’ option but for some learners it is the best way to ensure educational progress.

Home tutoring is not necessarily always the cheapest option, since tutors must travel to the student’s home, but it can be worth every cent. Home tutoring is the ultimate in individual, personalized educational help. Various categories of learner may benefit from home tutoring over and above other tutoring options. They include:

• Students who have attention or concentration problems. A tutor who is physically present is often best placed to keep learners focused and on track.
• Students who have difficulty engaging with teachers and authority figures. Online tutoring with video links can work but some learners may find it easier to establish a productive rapport with a tutor in a face-to-face home tutoring setting.
• Those who are studying practical subjects (including art and music) or any subject that does not rely primarily on words (including geometry and trigonometry). Again, though it is possible for effective tutoring to occur by other means, sometimes direct contact facilitates the learning process.
• Students with physical disabilities.

Today in many families both parents work and young people are expected to let themselves in and find the initiative and self-discipline to do their homework on their own. Home tutoring is not a substitute for a child-sitting service but in the absence of parental supervision, can serve a dual purpose and encourage a productive homework routine.

Finding a Home Tutoring Service Near You

Unless you live in a remote area you will find home tutoring services advertised on the internet, in your local newspaper and on community bulletin boards. Your child’s school or other parents may be able to recommend home tutors. For simple homework supervision, you may find college students who are committed to education who will provide the home tutoring services you need. If you have children with physical and/or learning disabilities charities and public service bodies may be able to advise you on avenues to pursue.

Many home tutoring services will give you the opportunity to meet tutors before you commit yourself. They will also be able to advise you on the optimum amount of tutoring for your child to attain specific goals, such as test prep or catch-up. Prepare a list of questions about the tutor’s qualifications, experience and home tutoring methods.

As little as one or two hours home tutoring per week can make a big difference to a learner’s progress. Home Tutoring is an option that is widely available and worth serious consideration.

City Challenges

Worldwide, cities gain a million people a week. This kind of growth brings problems, and today many of the world's largest cities face similar challenges: high housing costs, pollution, and crime (to name a few). What are some urban planners doing to fix these problems and improve people's lives?

To improve residents' lives, Hyderabad is planting trees and parks. The city is even creating "greener" buildings that use less water and less electricity for power. Adding green to a city has a number of advantages. For example, trees remove pollution from the air and make it cleaner. In Hyderabad, streets were gray and ugly a few years ago. Today, they are filled with trees and flowers making the city cleaner and more colorful. Green areas also give people places to relax or exercise and walk. A study in the U.S. showed something else interesting: the greener a neighborhood is, the less crime there is against people and property - especially buildings and cars.

Many people work in the center of Sao Paulo, but they don't live there. They've spread out to neighborhoods outside the city, where housing is cheaper. Every day, these people travel into the city and traffic is very heavy. Urban planners are using different strategies to address this issue. First, they are building better subways. Another goal is to make it cheaper for people to live in the downtown area. Doing this will shorten the distance people travel for work and reduce traffic and pollution in the city.

The Kenyan Elephant

This is a highly organized mammal that lives in herds of up to ten females, their young ones and a matriarch. The matriarch is the oldest and largest cow in the group. All the elephants in the herd are directly related to the matriarch. Bulls that have reached maturity only come to the group during the mating season. Elephants are able to make low frequency sounds that are below human range of hearing. They use these sounds to communicate with other elephants. They can also make sounds such as grunts, bellows, purrs, whistles and the most obvious trumpeting. They can communicate with each other over long distances especially to keep track of lost members of the group.

The most distinct characteristic is the massive trunk. This is simply an elongation of the nose and upper lip. It is used as an arm or a hand to hold stuff. Its main purpose is to breath and smell. The trunk is also used to draw up to 3 gallons of water to spray it in to the mouth for drinking or on the back when the weather is hot. Finger like projections at the tip of the trunk are used to hold small objects and to uproot grasses.


The elephant cow is one of the few mammals that live beyond its productive years. Between the age of 45 and 50, the cow's reproductive life comes to an end. Though it does not get anymore calves, it helps in taking care of the calves in the group.

Dickson is the Chief Tour Guide and one of the Directors of Adventure Africa Expedition, he has traveled in many countries in Africa where he built the spirit of adventure and discovered nature hidden wonders in especially tailored walking trails like in Kisoro in Rwanda and Bwindi in Uganda both for Gorilla tracking.

Teacher Training In Delhi

Teaching in schools has become the most liked profession by girls now-a-days. The teaching profession already has the status of respect and honor. The biggest attraction is the working hours which help females to maintain a balance between the work and the home. Women can pursue their career even after they get married if they are willing to work as teaching hours provide ample time left which can be used to look after the family. Earlier the girls were more attracted towards the corporate jobs as it is a better paid job domain. But now as the sixth pay commission has been declared, the rises in the teacher’s salaries have come like a cool breeze. The teachers are enjoying salaries which are equivalent to the pay scales of engineers in mnc’s. The pre-requisite for joining the teaching field is that you should have done teacher training courses like

Ntt/Nptt/Ecce/B.ed. The schools are also becoming brands now-a-days. Before Appointing the teachers, they are very careful and consider only the trained candidates.
Moreover as the teachers’ job involves handling the students who are live units, so they should be well trained and must be well versed with child psychology, educational methods like playway, teaching aids, computer aided teaching, comprehensive evaluation etc. Anything which does not support the fundamentals of teaching is if practiced by the teacher can bring a bad name to the school, so a well trained teacher is the requirement of all good schools. If anybody is willing to make a career in teaching can undergo the nursery teacher training or nursery primary teacher training provided by various govt and private institutes. Some good institutes in Delhi like DIET, indoss polytechnic etc. provide such training. A graduate with more than 50% marks can do B.Ed from any ugc approved university. Teacher training courses can be of duration one or two years. But this is for sure that once a person has undergone the teacher training programme, he /she will not be short of employment. This is a zero unemployment profession.